References & Sources
GLPSurgery.com draws on specialty-society guidance, public-health agencies, and peer-reviewed metabolic-medicine literature. Inclusion of a source does not imply endorsement by that source. External links open in new tabs and are subject to their own terms.
Specialty societies & professional bodies
- American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS)
Patient and clinician resources, position statements, and procedure overviews.
- American Diabetes Association — Standards of Care
Annually updated evidence-based standards for the prevention and care of diabetes.
- American Association of Clinical Endocrinology (AACE)
Clinical practice guidelines on obesity, diabetes, and metabolic disease.
- ASMBS / IFSO Indications for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (2022)
Updated indications for metabolic and bariatric surgery.
Government & public-health sources
- National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Federally funded research and patient-facing health information.
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
Patient education on overweight, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and related conditions.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration — Drug Labels
Official prescribing information for GLP-1 receptor agonists and other therapies.
Peer-reviewed literature (selected)
- Wilding JPH, et al. STEP 1 — Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity. N Engl J Med 2021.
Pivotal trial of semaglutide 2.4 mg for weight management.
- Wilding JPH, et al. Weight regain and cardiometabolic effects after withdrawal of semaglutide — STEP 1 trial extension. Diabetes Obes Metab 2022.
Reported regain of approximately two-thirds of lost weight within one year of discontinuation.
- Jastreboff AM, et al. SURMOUNT-1 — Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity. N Engl J Med 2022.
Pivotal trial of tirzepatide for chronic weight management.
- Schauer PR, et al. STAMPEDE — Bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therapy for diabetes — 5-year outcomes. N Engl J Med 2017.
Randomized comparison of surgery vs intensive medical therapy in T2D.
- Salminen P, et al. SLEEVEPASS — 10-year outcomes of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy vs gastric bypass. JAMA Surgery 2022.
Long-term comparative outcomes of two common bariatric procedures.
- Peterli R, et al. SM-BOSS — 5-year outcomes of sleeve gastrectomy vs Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. JAMA 2018.
Comparative trial of sleeve gastrectomy and gastric bypass.
- Eisenberg D, et al. 2022 ASMBS/IFSO Indications for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery. Obes Surg 2023.
Updated indications and BMI thresholds for metabolic and bariatric surgery.
Dr. Ariel Ortiz Lagardere, MD, FACS, FASMBS
Bariatric & Metabolic Surgeon · Founder, Obesity Control Center
Last reviewed: June 2026
Educational claims on this page are supported by independent guidelines, peer-reviewed evidence, and verifiable accreditation listings. See Sources & Verification and Science & Evidence.
Medical notice. This content is educational only and does not replace professional medical advice. Do not start, stop, or change GLP-1 medication without consulting your physician.